Top 15 Online Shopping Sites in Croatia

Croatia has a growing e-commerce sector with several online shopping sites catering to the needs of consumers in the country. Here are 15 online shopping sites in Croatia :

1. Emmezeta (www.emmezeta.hr): Emmezeta is a popular retail chain in Croatia, and its online platform offers a wide range of products including furniture, electronics, home appliances, and more. It provides delivery and assembly services.

2. Konzum Webshop (www.konzum.hr/webshop): Konzum is one of the largest supermarket chains in Croatia, and its webshop allows customers to purchase groceries, household items, personal care products, and more online, with delivery or pick-up options.

3. Njuškalo (www.njuskalo.hr): Njuškalo is a leading classified ads website in Croatia where users can buy and sell a wide variety of products including electronics, vehicles, real estate, and more. It features both new and used items.

4. Plodine Webshop (www.plodine.hr/webshop): Plodine is a supermarket chain in Croatia, and its webshop offers a range of groceries, household items, and personal care products for online purchase, with delivery or pick-up options.

5. Elipso (www.elipso.hr): Elipso is a retailer specializing in electronics, appliances, and home entertainment products. Its online store offers a wide selection of products including TVs, smartphones, kitchen appliances, and more.

6. Links (www.links.hr): Links is a technology retailer in Croatia offering a variety of products including computers, peripherals, gadgets, and consumer electronics. Its online store provides competitive prices and fast delivery.

7. HGspot (www.hgshop.hr): HGspot is an electronics and technology retailer in Croatia offering a wide range of products including computers, smartphones, gaming consoles, and accessories. It features special offers and discounts.

8. Bauhaus (www.bauhaus.hr): Bauhaus is a home improvement and DIY store in Croatia, and its online platform offers a variety of products including tools, building materials, garden supplies, and more. It provides delivery and assembly services.

9. Pepco Webshop (www.pepco.hr): Pepco is a retail chain offering affordable clothing, accessories, and home goods. Its webshop allows customers to shop for a variety of products online, with delivery options available.

10. Modiana (www.modiana.hr): Modiana is a fashion retailer in Croatia offering a wide selection of clothing, shoes, and accessories for men, women, and children. Its online store features the latest fashion trends and seasonal collections.

11. Tisak Webshop (www.tisak.hr/webshop): Tisak is a convenience store chain in Croatia, and its webshop offers a range of products including books, magazines, stationery, snacks, and more, with delivery options available.

12. Pevex (www.pevex.hr): Pevex is a home improvement and lifestyle retailer in Croatia offering a variety of products including furniture, home decor, outdoor equipment, and more. Its online store provides convenient shopping and delivery services.

13. Ekupi (www.ekupi.hr): Ekupi is an online marketplace in Croatia offering a wide range of products including electronics, fashion, beauty, and more, from various retailers and brands. It features special promotions and discounts.

14. Sport Vision (www.sportvision.hr): Sport Vision is a sports retailer in Croatia offering a variety of athletic apparel, footwear, and accessories for men, women, and children. Its online store features products from popular brands and provides delivery options.

15. Trgovina Krk (www.trgovina-krk.hr): Trgovina Krk is an online store specializing in Croatian souvenirs, gifts, and products from the island of Krk. It offers a variety of traditional items, crafts, and local specialties for purchase.

These online shopping sites in Croatia provide consumers with a convenient and secure platform to purchase a wide range of products and services, catering to various needs and preferences.

 Top 15 Online Shopping Sites in Chile 

Chile has a growing e-commerce market with several online shopping sites catering to the diverse needs of consumers in the country. Here are 15 online shopping sites in Chile :

1. Falabella (www.falabella.com): Falabella is a well-known department store chain in Chile, and its online platform offers a wide range of products including electronics, fashion, home goods, and more. It provides convenient delivery options and multiple payment methods.

2. MercadoLibre Chile (www.mercadolibre.cl): MercadoLibre is one of the largest online marketplaces in Latin America, offering a diverse selection of products including electronics, fashion, accessories, and more. It features both new and used items, as well as auctions.

3. Paris (www.paris.cl): Paris is another prominent department store chain in Chile, and its online store offers a variety of products including clothing, electronics, home appliances, and more. It provides competitive prices and frequent discounts.

4. Ripley (www.ripley.cl): Ripley is a major retail chain in Chile, and its online platform offers a wide range of products including electronics, fashion, home goods, and more. It features exclusive brands and special promotions.

5. Linio Chile (www.linio.cl): Linio is an online marketplace offering a diverse selection of products including electronics, fashion, beauty, and more. It features multiple payment options and fast delivery.

6. Lider (www.lider.cl): Lider is a popular supermarket chain in Chile, and its online platform offers a wide range of products including groceries, household items, electronics, and more. It provides convenient delivery options and frequent promotions.

7. ABCDIN (www.abcdin.cl): ABCDIN is a retail chain in Chile offering a variety of products including electronics, appliances, furniture, and more. Its online store provides competitive prices and financing options.

8. La Polar (www.lapolar.cl): La Polar is a retail chain in Chile specializing in clothing, accessories, and home goods. Its online platform offers a wide selection of products with convenient delivery options.

9. Easy Chile (www.easy.cl): Easy is a home improvement and construction materials retailer in Chile, and its online store offers a variety of products including tools, hardware, appliances, and more. It provides delivery and installation services.

10. Yapo.cl (www.yapo.cl): Yapo is a classified ads website in Chile where users can buy and sell a wide range of products including electronics, vehicles, real estate, and more. It features both new and used items.

11. Zmart (www.zmart.cl): Zmart is an online retailer specializing in video games, consoles, and gaming accessories. It offers a wide selection of products and pre-order options for upcoming releases.

12. PC Factory (www.pcfactory.cl): PC Factory is a retailer specializing in computers, electronics, and technology products. Its online store offers a variety of products including laptops, desktops, peripherals, and more.

13. ABC Mayorista (www.abcmayorista.com): ABC Mayorista is an online wholesale marketplace in Chile offering a variety of products including electronics, clothing, accessories, and more. It caters to businesses and individuals.

14. Dafiti Chile (www.dafiti.cl): Dafiti is an online fashion retailer offering a wide range of clothing, shoes, accessories, and beauty products for men, women, and kids. It provides fast delivery and easy returns.

15. Costco Chile (www.costco.cl): Costco is a membership-based warehouse club offering a variety of products including groceries, electronics, household items, and more. Its online platform offers exclusive deals for members.

These online shopping sites in Chile provide a convenient and secure platform for consumers to purchase a wide range of products and services, catering to various needs and preferences.

list of Indian Deputy Chairmen of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) from 1952 to 2024

Deputy Chairmen of the Rajya Sabha: A Legacy of Leadership

The office of the Deputy Chairman in the Rajya Sabha holds significant importance in the Indian parliamentary system. It symbolizes the spirit of bipartisanship and cooperation, essential for the smooth functioning of the Upper House of the Parliament. Over the years, distinguished individuals have adorned this position, contributing their expertise and leadership to the legislative process of the nation. Let's delve into the journey of the Deputy Chairmen of the Rajya Sabha, exploring their contributions and legacies.

1. Shri S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao (31.05.1952 to 02.04.1956 and 25.04.1956 to 01.03.1962):

Shri S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao served as the Deputy Chairman during two significant periods in the early years of the Rajya Sabha. His tenure witnessed the nascent stages of India's parliamentary democracy, marked by debates on critical issues such as state reorganization and economic planning. Rao's leadership provided stability and guidance to the Upper House during these formative years, setting a precedent for future deputy chairpersons.

2. Smt. Violet Alva (19.04.1962 to 02.04.1966 and 07.04.1966 to 16.11.1969):

Smt. Violet Alva was a trailblazer, becoming the first woman to hold the position of Deputy Chairperson in the Rajya Sabha. Her tenure was characterized by a commitment to gender equality and social justice. Alva's presence challenged traditional norms, paving the way for greater inclusion of women in Indian politics. Her legacy continues to inspire aspiring leaders across the nation.

3. Shri Bhauro Dewaji Khobragade (17.12.1969 to 02.04.1972):

Shri Bhauro Dewaji Khobragade brought a unique perspective to the role of Deputy Chairman, representing the interests of marginalized communities. His advocacy for tribal rights and rural development echoed in the corridors of the Rajya Sabha, amplifying the voices of the underprivileged. Khobragade's tenure underscored the importance of inclusive governance in a diverse nation like India.

4. Shri Godey Murahari (13.04.1972 to 02.04.1974 and 26.04.1974 to 20.03.1977):

Shri Godey Murahari's tenure as Deputy Chairman coincided with a period of significant political turbulence in India. His calm demeanor and impartiality were instrumental in navigating the challenges faced by the Rajya Sabha during this time. Murahari's commitment to upholding parliamentary norms and democratic values earned him respect from across the political spectrum.

5. Shri Ram Niwas Mirdha (30.03.1977 to 02.04.1980):

Shri Ram Niwas Mirdha's leadership during his tenure as Deputy Chairman was marked by a focus on legislative reforms and institutional strengthening. His efforts towards enhancing the efficiency of parliamentary proceedings laid the foundation for a more responsive and accountable governance system. Mirdha's legacy is reflected in the enduring impact of his contributions to the legislative framework of the nation.

6. Shri Shyam Lal Yadav (30.07.1980 to 02.04.1982 and 28.04.1982 to 29.12.1984):

Shri Shyam Lal Yadav's tenure as Deputy Chairman witnessed significant strides in economic policy formulation and implementation. His adept handling of complex legislative matters contributed to India's emergence as a global economic player. Yadav's tenure exemplified the crucial role played by the Rajya Sabha in shaping the nation's development trajectory.

7. Dr. Najma A. Heptulla (25.01.1985 to 20.01.1986):

Dr. Najma A. Heptulla's brief yet impactful tenure as Deputy Chairperson was characterized by a focus on women's empowerment and social welfare. Her advocacy for legislative measures aimed at uplifting marginalized communities left an indelible mark on the parliamentary landscape. Heptulla's commitment to inclusive growth continues to inspire lawmakers to this day.

8. Shri M. M. Jacob (26.02.1986 to 22.10.1986):

Shri M. M. Jacob's tenure as Deputy Chairman was marked by a steadfast dedication to parliamentary decorum and procedural integrity. His emphasis on consensus-building and constructive dialogue facilitated the resolution of contentious issues in the Upper House. Jacob's tenure serves as a testament to the importance of principled leadership in fostering legislative harmony.

9. Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil (18.11.1986 to 05.11.1988):

Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil's tenure as Deputy Chairperson coincided with a period of transition in Indian politics. Her astute leadership and diplomatic acumen were instrumental in bridging ideological divides and fostering bipartisan cooperation. Patil's legacy as a consensus-builder continues to inspire collaborative efforts towards nation-building.

10. Dr. Najma A. Heptulla (18.11.1988 to 04.07.1992, 10.07.1992 to 04.07.1998 and 09.07.1998 to 10.06.2004):

Dr. Najma A. Heptulla's multiple tenures as Deputy Chairperson underscored her enduring commitment to public service and parliamentary excellence. Her leadership during times of political flux was characterized by a resolute commitment to upholding democratic principles and constitutional values. Heptulla's unwavering dedication to the ideals of pluralism and inclusivity remains a guiding light for future generations of lawmakers.

11. Shri K. Rahman Khan (22.07.2004 to 02.04.2006 and 12.05.2006 to 02.04.2012):

Shri K. Rahman Khan's tenure as Deputy Chairman witnessed a renewed focus on legislative reforms and governance accountability. His efforts towards enhancing the efficacy of parliamentary oversight mechanisms contributed to a more transparent and accountable governance framework. Khan's legacy as a champion of parliamentary integrity continues to inspire public trust in democratic institutions.

12. Prof P. J. Kurien (21.08.2012 to 01.07.2018):

Prof P. J. Kurien's tenure as Deputy Chairman was characterized by a steadfast commitment to parliamentary democracy and institutional integrity. His tenure saw significant legislative achievements in areas such as social welfare and economic reform. Kurien's leadership exemplified the values of integrity, humility, and service, earning him widespread admiration and respect.

13. Shri Harivansh (09.08.2018 - till date):

Shri Harivansh's tenure as Deputy Chairman has been marked by a resolute commitment to upholding the sanctity of parliamentary norms and democratic principles. His emphasis on constructive dialogue and consensus-building has facilitated the smooth functioning of the Rajya Sabha amidst challenging times. Harivansh's leadership exemplifies the spirit of bipartisanship and cooperation, essential for the effective functioning of India's parliamentary democracy.

The Deputy Chairmen of the Rajya Sabha have played a pivotal role in shaping India's parliamentary democracy. Their leadership and statesmanship have guided the legislative process and upheld the values of pluralism, inclusivity, and democratic governance. As custodians of the Upper House, they have strived to uphold the dignity and integrity of parliamentary institutions, leaving behind a rich legacy of service and dedication to the nation.

List of Indian Rajya Sabha Chairmen from 1952 to 2024

The Legacy of Chairmen of the Rajya Sabha

The Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, is one of the two chambers of the Indian Parliament, playing a crucial role in shaping the nation's legislative framework. At the helm of this esteemed institution, numerous eminent personalities have steered its course, each leaving an indelible mark on its history. Let's delve into the journey of the Chairmen of the Rajya Sabha, spanning from its inception to the present day.

1. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (13.05.1952 to 12.05.1962): A distinguished philosopher, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan served as the first Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, bringing intellectual prowess and statesmanship to the position. His tenure laid the foundation for the functioning of the upper house, characterized by scholarly deliberations and a commitment to democratic values.

2. Dr. Zakir Husain (13.05.1962 to 12.05.1967): A visionary leader and educationist, Dr. Zakir Husain brought a blend of academic excellence and political acumen to his role as the Chairman. His tenure witnessed a focus on educational reforms and social justice, reflecting his deep-rooted commitment to nation-building.

3. Shri Varahagiri Venkata Giri (13.05.1967 to 03.05.1969): Shri V. V. Giri, a stalwart of the Indian labor movement and a former President of India, assumed the role of Chairman during a crucial period in the nation's history. His leadership during this transitional phase reflected resilience and dedication to upholding constitutional principles.

4. Shri Gopal Swarup Pathak (31.08.1969 to 30.08.1974): Shri G. S. Pathak brought administrative experience and legal expertise to his tenure as Chairman. His tenure witnessed significant legislative deliberations, contributing to the evolution of India's parliamentary democracy.

5. Shri Basappa Danappa Jatti (31.08.1974 to 30.08.1979): Shri B. D. Jatti, a seasoned parliamentarian and former Vice President of India, assumed the role of Chairman during a period marked by political and economic challenges. His leadership provided stability and guidance to the Rajya Sabha amidst turbulent times.

6. Shri M. Hidayatullah (31.08.1979 to 30.08.1984): Shri M. Hidayatullah, a jurist of eminence and former Chief Justice of India, brought judicial wisdom and constitutional expertise to his tenure as Chairman. His stewardship was characterized by a judicious approach to legislative matters and a commitment to upholding the rule of law.

7. Shri R. Venkataraman (31.08.1984 to 24.07.1987): Shri R. Venkataraman, a statesman and diplomat, assumed the role of Chairman with a wealth of experience in public service. His tenure witnessed a focus on parliamentary decorum and consensus-building, fostering a conducive environment for constructive debate.

8. Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma (03.09.1987 to 24.07.1992): Dr. S. D. Sharma, a distinguished academician and former President of India, brought a scholarly demeanor and a commitment to constitutional ideals to his tenure as Chairman. His leadership was characterized by a focus on inclusive governance and social justice.

9. Shri K. R. Narayanan (21.08.1992 to 24.07.1997): Shri K. R. Narayanan, a respected diplomat and the first Dalit President of India, assumed the role of Chairman during a period of significant political transition. His tenure witnessed a commitment to parliamentary ethics and the empowerment of marginalized sections of society.

10. Shri Krishan Kant (21.08.1997 to 27.07.2002): Shri Krishan Kant, a veteran parliamentarian and former Vice President of India, brought a wealth of legislative experience to his tenure as Chairman. His leadership was characterized by a focus on parliamentary reforms and the enhancement of legislative efficiency.

11. Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (19.08.2002 to 21.07.2007): Shri B. S. Shekhawat, a seasoned politician and former Vice President of India, assumed the role of Chairman during a period marked by coalition politics. His tenure witnessed astute political maneuvering and a commitment to consensus-building.

12. Shri M. Hamid Ansari (11.08.2007 to 10.08.2017) : Shri M. H. Ansari, a distinguished diplomat and academician, served as Chairman with a focus on parliamentary diplomacy and international cooperation. His tenure witnessed a proactive approach to legislative matters and a commitment to parliamentary democracy.

13. Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu (11.08.2017 to 11.08.2022): Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu, a seasoned parliamentarian and former Vice President of India, assumed the role of Chairman with a vision for inclusive development and participatory governance. His tenure witnessed a focus on parliamentary reforms and the empowerment of marginalized sections of society.

14. Jagdeep Dhankhar (11.08.2022 –till date): Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar, a veteran politician and legal luminary, assumed the role of Chairman during a period marked by evolving political dynamics. His tenure has been characterized by a commitment to upholding constitutional values and fostering greater transparency in parliamentary proceedings.

The Chairmen of the Rajya Sabha have played a pivotal role in shaping the course of Indian democracy, with each incumbent leaving behind a unique legacy of leadership and statesmanship. As the upper house continues to evolve, the contributions of these eminent personalities serve as guiding beacons for future generations of parliamentarians and citizens alike.

Archimedes' 10 Statements: Revolutionizing the Ancient and Modern World with Ingenuity and Insight

Archimedes: 10 Revolutionary Contributions that Transformed the World

Archimedes, a luminary of ancient Greece, stands as one of history's most influential figures, revered for his profound contributions to mathematics, physics, engineering, and warfare. Born in Syracuse around 287 BC, Archimedes left an indelible mark on the world through his revolutionary insights, ingenious inventions, and strategic prowess. In this exploration, we delve into 10 of Archimedes' most significant revolutions, elucidating their impact on the ancient and Modern world, and their enduring legacy in shaping modern civilization.

1. Principle of Buoyancy and Hydrostatics:

   Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, discovered while he was bathing, revolutionized our understanding of fluid mechanics. By stating that an object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, Archimedes laid the foundation for hydrostatics. This principle not only explained why objects float or sink but also enabled the development of ships with greater stability and cargo-carrying capacity. Furthermore, Archimedes' insights into hydrostatic pressure proved invaluable for designing aqueducts and irrigation systems, enhancing the efficiency of water transportation and distribution in ancient societies.

2. Archimedes Screw:

   The Archimedes screw, a simple yet ingenious device for lifting water, represented a paradigm shift in irrigation and drainage systems. Consisting of a spiral tube encased within a cylinder, the screw could efficiently raise water from lower levels to higher elevations using rotational motion. This invention revolutionized agriculture by enabling the irrigation of vast tracts of land and mitigating the risk of flooding. Additionally, the Archimedes screw found applications in drainage systems, mining operations, and even onboard ships, demonstrating its versatility and enduring legacy in engineering.

3. Method of Exhaustion and Calculus Anticipation:

   Archimedes' method of exhaustion, a precursor to integral calculus, revolutionized the field of mathematics by providing a systematic approach to calculating areas and volumes of irregular shapes. By approximating the area of a geometric figure using inscribed and circumscribed polygons, Archimedes laid the groundwork for future developments in calculus. His pioneering methods anticipated the fundamental concepts of limits, infinitesimals, and integration, paving the way for the formalization of calculus by later mathematicians such as Newton and Leibniz. Archimedes' contributions to the method of exhaustion remain foundational to modern mathematics and its applications in science and engineering.

4. Pi Approximation and Circle Measurement:

   Archimedes' accurate approximation of the value of pi (π) revolutionized geometry and trigonometry by providing a method for calculating the circumference and area of a circle. Through a series of geometric constructions involving inscribed and circumscribed polygons, Archimedes determined that pi lies between the bounds of 3 1/7 and 3 10/71, an astonishingly precise estimation for his time. This breakthrough not only advanced our understanding of geometric principles but also laid the groundwork for future developments in the measurement of curves and surfaces. Archimedes' determination of pi remains one of the most enduring and celebrated achievements in the history of mathematics.

5. Law of the Lever:

   Archimedes' law of the lever, expressed in his famous statement "Give me a place to stand, and I shall move the Earth," revolutionized the understanding of mechanical principles and the concept of mechanical advantage. By demonstrating that a lever amplifies force by exerting a smaller force over a longer distance, Archimedes elucidated the fundamental principle behind the operation of levers and other simple machines. This insight enabled the development of more efficient tools and machines for lifting, moving, and manipulating heavy objects, revolutionizing construction, manufacturing, and transportation industries. Archimedes' law of the lever remains a cornerstone of classical mechanics and engineering design.

6. Archimedes' Principle of the Lever and Moment of Force:

   Building upon his understanding of the lever, Archimedes formulated the principle of the lever's equilibrium, which states that the product of the force and its distance from the fulcrum is equal on both sides of a balanced lever. This principle, along with his concept of the moment of force, revolutionized the study of statics and mechanics by providing a quantitative framework for analyzing the equilibrium of bodies and the distribution of forces. Archimedes' insights into the principles of leverage and equilibrium laid the foundation for future advancements in engineering, architecture, and physics, influencing the design of structures and machines for centuries to come.

7. Invention of Compound Pulleys:

   Archimedes' invention of compound pulleys, also known as the block and tackle system, revolutionized the field of mechanics by enabling the lifting of heavy loads with minimal effort. By arranging multiple pulleys in a system of ropes and wheels, Archimedes created a mechanical advantage that allowed for the multiplication of force, making it possible to lift objects many times heavier than the applied force. This innovation found widespread use in construction, transportation, and maritime industries, significantly improving efficiency and productivity. Archimedes' compound pulleys remain a staple of modern lifting and hoisting systems, underscoring their enduring legacy in engineering and technology.

8. Defensive Inventions during the Siege of Syracuse:

   During the Second Punic War, Archimedes demonstrated his ingenuity and strategic prowess by devising a series of defensive inventions to protect his hometown of Syracuse from Roman siege tactics. Among his most famous inventions was the Claw of Archimedes, a grappling hook mechanism mounted on cranes along the city walls. When enemy ships approached, the claws would be lowered into the water, grasping the vessels and lifting them out of the sea, rendering them vulnerable to attack or sinking. Additionally, Archimedes is credited with inventing the heat ray, a device capable of concentrating sunlight to set enemy ships ablaze, although the exact workings of this invention remain a subject of debate. These defensive inventions, along with other innovations such as movable siege towers and catapults, helped Syracuse withstand prolonged sieges and earned Archimedes a reputation as a master of military engineering.

9. Development of Mathematical Spirals and Curves:

   Archimedes' fascination with geometric curves led to his exploration of mathematical spirals, such as the Archimedean spiral and the spiral of Archimedes. These curves, characterized by their unique geometric properties, revolutionized the study of conic sections and provided insights into the nature of curves and their equations. Archimedes' work on spirals laid the foundation for future developments in mathematical analysis and curve theory, influencing fields such as calculus, differential equations, and fractal geometry. His contributions to the study of curves remain a testament to his mathematical genius and his enduring impact on the field of geometry.

10. Legacy in Mathematics, Science, and Engineering:

Archimedes' revolutionary contributions to mathematics, science, and engineering have left an indelible mark on human civilization, shaping the course of history and influencing countless generations of scholars and scientists. His insights into fundamental principles such as buoyancy, hydrostatics, and mechanics laid the groundwork for future advancements in physics and engineering. Furthermore, his pioneering methods in calculus, geometry, and number theory continue to inspire mathematical inquiry and innovation to this day. Archimedes' legacy serves as a reminder of the power of human intellect and creativity to transform the world through ingenuity, perseverance, and relentless pursuit of knowledge.

Archimedes, through his revolutionary insights and ingenious inventions, revolutionized our understanding of mathematics, physics, and engineering, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to shape modern civilization. From his foundational contributions to hydrostatics and calculus to his innovative inventions in mechanics and warfare, Archimedes' genius transcends the boundaries of time and space, inspiring generations of scholars, scientists, and engineers to push the boundaries of knowledge and innovation. As we celebrate his achievements and honor his legacy, we are reminded of the profound impact that one individual can have on the course of human history through intellect, creativity, and unwavering determination.