History of Abel prize and List of Abel Prize Winners from 2003 to 2024

History of Abel prize 

The Abel Prize, often considered the equivalent of the Nobel Prize for mathematics, was established to recognize outstanding achievements in the field. Here's a brief overview of its history, including details about its founder and head office.

Establishment and Founder

The Abel Prize was conceived as a response to the absence of a Nobel Prize in mathematics. It was named after the influential Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829), whose work laid foundational stones for various mathematical theories. The idea for a mathematics prize in Abel's honor was first proposed in 1899 by the Norwegian mathematician Sophus Lie, following King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway's failed initiative to create a similar prize. However, the plan was set aside and forgotten for over a century.

The contemporary establishment of the Abel Prize was driven by the Norwegian government in 2001, marking the bicentenary of Abel's birth. The official proposal was made by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, with support from Norwegian mathematicians and scholars who highlighted the need for a prestigious international mathematics award.

Head Office

The Abel Prize is administered by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, which is based in Oslo, Norway. This academy is responsible for the selection process, the awarding ceremony, and all administrative matters related to the prize. The head office's address is:

The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Drammensveien 78
0271 Oslo
Norway

Selection and Awarding Process

The Abel Prize's selection committee comprises five internationally recognized mathematicians appointed by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. This committee evaluates the nominations and selects the laureate each year. The process is rigorous, involving a thorough review of the nominees' contributions to mathematics.

The prize announcement is made in March each year, and the award ceremony takes place in May. The ceremony is a grand event held in Oslo, often attended by the King of Norway, members of the Norwegian government, and distinguished guests from the international mathematics community.

Laureates and Impact

Since its inception, the Abel Prize has been awarded to some of the most prominent mathematicians globally. The first Abel Prize was awarded in 2003 to Jean-Pierre Serre, a French mathematician known for his work in topology, algebraic geometry, and number theory. The prize includes a monetary award, which as of 2023, stands at 7.5 million Norwegian kroner (approximately USD 730,000).

The Abel Prize not only honors individual achievements but also aims to elevate the status of mathematics in society. It serves to inspire young mathematicians and highlights the importance of mathematical research in addressing contemporary scientific and technological challenges.

List of Abel Prize winners from 2003 to 2024:

Abel Prize Winners

1. 2003: Jean-Pierre Serre (France)

   • For his key contributions to topology, algebraic geometry, and number theory.

2. 2004: Michael Atiyah (United Kingdom) and Isadore Singer (United States)

   • For their discovery and proof of the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem, bringing together topology, geometry, and analysis.

3. 2005: Peter Lax (United States)

   • For his contributions to the theory and application of partial differential equations and to the computation of their solutions.

4. 2006: Lennart Carleson (Sweden)

   • For his profound and seminal contributions to harmonic analysis and the theory of smooth dynamical systems.

5. 2007: Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan (United States)

   • For his fundamental contributions to probability theory and in particular for creating a unified theory of large deviations.

6. 2008: John G. Thompson (United States) and Jacques Tits (Belgium/France)

   • For their profound achievements in algebra and, in particular, for shaping modern group theory.

7. 2009: Mikhail Gromov (France)

   • For his revolutionary contributions to geometry.

8. 2010: John Tate (United States)

   • For his vast and lasting impact on the theory of numbers.

9. 2011: John Milnor (United States)

   • For his pioneering discoveries in topology, geometry, and algebra.

10. 2012: Endre Szemerédi (Hungary)

    • For his fundamental contributions to discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science.

11. 2013: Pierre Deligne (Belgium)

    • For his seminal contributions to algebraic geometry and their transformative impact on number theory, representation theory, and related fields.

12. 2014: Yakov G. Sinai (Russia)

    • For his fundamental contributions to dynamical systems, ergodic theory, and mathematical physics.

13. 2015: John F. Nash Jr. (United States) and Louis Nirenberg (United States/Canada)

    • For their contributions to the study of partial differential equations and its applications to geometric analysis.

14. 2016: Andrew Wiles (United Kingdom)

    • For his stunning proof of Fermat's Last Theorem by way of the modularity conjecture for semi-stable elliptic curves, opening a new era in number theory.

15. 2017: Yves Meyer (France)

    • For his pivotal role in the development of the mathematical theory of wavelets.

16. 2018: Robert P. Langlands (Canada)

    • For his visionary program connecting representation theory to number theory, famously known as the Langlands program.

17. 2019: Karen Uhlenbeck (United States)

    • For her pioneering achievements in geometric partial differential equations, gauge theory, and integrable systems, and for the fundamental impact of her work on analysis, geometry, and mathematical physics.

18. 2020: Hillel Furstenberg (United States/Israel) and Gregory Margulis (Russia)

    • For their pioneering use of methods from probability and dynamics in group theory, number theory, and combinatorics.

19. 2021: László Lovász (Hungary) and Avi Wigderson (Israel/United States)

    • For their foundational contributions to theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics, and their leading role in shaping them into central fields of modern mathematics.

20. 2022: Dennis Parnell Sullivan (United States)

    • For his groundbreaking contributions to topology in its broadest sense, and in particular its algebraic, geometric, and dynamical aspects.

21. 2023: Luis A. Caffarelli (Argentina/United States)

    • For his seminal contributions to the regularity theory for nonlinear partial differential equations including free-boundary problems and the Monge-Ampère equation.

22. 2024: Michel Talagrand (France)

    • For his contributions to probability theory and stochastic processes.

Global Significance of May 26: Key Observances and Events

May 26: Special Events and Observances Around the World

May 26 is notable for a variety of events, holidays, and observances around the world. 

Here are some of the key highlights:

1. National Sorry Day (Australia)

• Description: National Sorry Day is an annual event held in Australia to acknowledge and recognize the historical mistreatment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, particularly the Stolen Generations.
• Significance: This day serves as a reminder of the hardships faced by Indigenous communities and emphasizes the importance of reconciliation and healing.

2. Independence Day (Georgia)

• Description: May 26 marks the Independence Day of Georgia, commemorating the declaration of independence from the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918.
• Significance: The day is celebrated with various events, including military parades, concerts, and cultural exhibitions, highlighting Georgian heritage and national pride.

3. Mother’s Day (Poland)

• Description: In Poland, Mother's Day is celebrated annually on May 26.
• Significance: It is a day to honor mothers and motherhood, similar to Mother's Day celebrations in other countries, with gifts, flowers, and expressions of love and gratitude.

4. International Jazz Day (UNESCO)

• Description: Although officially celebrated on April 30, many events and activities continue into May, including on May 26.
• Significance: International Jazz Day aims to highlight jazz music's role in uniting people across the globe, promoting peace, and fostering intercultural dialogue.

5. Sally Ride Day (United States)

• Description: Sally Ride Day honors the birthday of Dr. Sally Ride, the first American woman to travel into space.
• Significance: This day celebrates her achievements and contributions to space exploration and science education, inspiring young people, especially girls, to pursue careers in STEM fields.

6. Lagun Yule (Nigeria)

• Description: Lagun Yule is a traditional festival celebrated by the Yoruba people in Nigeria.
• Significance: It involves cultural performances, traditional music, dance, and rituals, emphasizing the rich cultural heritage of the Yoruba community.

7. Independence Day (Guyana)

• Description: Guyana celebrates its Independence Day on May 26, marking its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.
• Significance: The day is celebrated with national events, parades, and cultural displays, reflecting the country's journey to sovereignty and its diverse cultural heritage.

Historical Events on May 26

1. 1896 – Nicholas II Becomes Tsar of Russia

• Description: Nicholas II was crowned as the last Emperor of Russia.
• Significance: His reign saw significant events, including World War I and the Russian Revolution, leading to the end of the Romanov dynasty.

2. 1969 – Apollo 10 Returns to Earth

• Description: Apollo 10, a mission of NASA's Apollo program, returned to Earth after orbiting the Moon.
• Significance: It was a dress rehearsal for the first Moon landing, providing critical data and experience for the subsequent Apollo 11 mission.

3. 1972 – The United States and the Soviet Union Sign the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

• Description: This treaty limited the number of anti-ballistic missile systems to protect against missile-launched nuclear weapons.
• Significance: It was a key component of arms control during the Cold War, aiming to reduce the risk of nuclear conflict.

Georgia's Independence Day , May 26 : A Journey of Sovereignty

Historical Context: Georgia's Path to Independence

Georgia's Independence Day commemorates the nation's declaration of sovereignty from the Soviet Union on April 9, 1991. This significant event marked the beginning of a new era for the Georgian people, as they embarked on a journey towards self-determination and democratic governance. In this essay, we'll explore the historical context, key figures, and pivotal moments surrounding Georgia's quest for independence.

Historical Background

Georgia's history is marked by a rich tapestry of cultures, conquests, and struggles for autonomy. Situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, the region has been inhabited by various civilizations for thousands of years. Throughout its history, Georgia has experienced periods of independence, foreign rule, and territorial expansion.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Georgia was part of the Russian Empire. However, with the collapse of the empire in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia briefly gained independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia. This independence was short-lived, as the country was invaded by Soviet Russia in 1921 and subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR).

The Soviet Era

Under Soviet rule, Georgia experienced significant political, social, and economic upheaval. The Soviet government imposed centralized control over all aspects of life, suppressing dissent and promoting communist ideology. Despite this repression, Georgian culture and identity persisted, with the Georgian language, traditions, and customs remaining integral to the national consciousness.

Throughout the Soviet era, calls for greater autonomy and independence simmered beneath the surface. Georgian intellectuals, dissidents, and activists clandestinely organized resistance movements and sought to preserve Georgian culture and language amid Soviet Russification policies.

The Rise of Nationalism

By the late 1980s, the Soviet Union was experiencing mounting internal pressures, as ethnic and nationalist movements across its republics demanded greater freedom and autonomy. In Georgia, the rise of nationalist sentiment was fueled by dissatisfaction with Soviet rule, economic stagnation, and cultural suppression.

One of the key figures in Georgia's independence movement was Zviad Gamsakhurdia, a prominent dissident and intellectual. Gamsakhurdia emerged as a charismatic leader who galvanized support for Georgia's independence and democracy. Through his writings, speeches, and activism, Gamsakhurdia inspired a generation of Georgians to assert their national identity and demand self-determination.

The Road to Independence

The catalyst for Georgia's independence came in the form of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), which sought to reform the Soviet Union's political and economic systems. Gorbachev's reforms inadvertently emboldened nationalist movements across the Soviet republics, including Georgia.

In April 1989, Georgia witnessed a turning point in its quest for independence with the peaceful demonstration on Rustaveli Avenue in Tbilisi, the capital city. Thousands of Georgians gathered to protest Soviet rule and demand independence. The protest, which became known as the April 9 Tragedy, ended in violence when Soviet troops violently dispersed the demonstrators, resulting in numerous casualties.

The April 9 Tragedy served as a catalyst for the Georgian independence movement, galvanizing public support and strengthening resolve to break free from Soviet domination. In the subsequent years, Georgia's political landscape underwent significant transformation, with the emergence of multiple political parties and factions advocating for independence and democratic reform.

Declaration of Independence

On April 9, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia, led by Zviad Gamsakhurdia, made a historic declaration of independence, formally asserting Georgia's sovereignty and secession from the Soviet Union. The declaration marked the culmination of years of struggle and sacrifice and signaled the beginning of a new chapter in Georgia's history.

The declaration of independence was met with both jubilation and apprehension, as Georgia braced for the uncertainties and challenges of nation-building in a post-Soviet world. The newly independent country faced daunting obstacles, including political instability, economic hardship, and ethnic tensions.

Consolidating Independence

Following the declaration of independence, Georgia embarked on a tumultuous journey towards statehood and nation-building. Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected as the country's first president in May 1991, amidst high hopes for a democratic future. However, Gamsakhurdia's presidency was marked by political turmoil, internal strife, and allegations of authoritarianism.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union officially dissolved following the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev, further cementing Georgia's status as an independent state. However, the euphoria of independence was short-lived, as Georgia soon plunged into a bloody civil war between government forces and opposition groups.

Civil War and Turmoil

The early 1990s saw Georgia descend into chaos as rival political factions vied for power and influence. The conflict between supporters of President Gamsakhurdia and opposition forces, including former Soviet officials and paramilitary groups, escalated into a full-blown civil war.

The civil war ravaged Georgia, claiming thousands of lives and displacing countless civilians. The country's infrastructure was devastated, and its economy crippled, as the warring factions fought for control of territory and resources. The international community watched with growing concern as Georgia teetered on the brink of collapse.

International Recognition

Amidst the chaos of civil war, Georgia's fledgling government sought recognition and support from the international community. Despite the challenges, Georgia's commitment to democracy and independence resonated with many countries, who extended diplomatic recognition and assistance to the embattled nation.

In May 1992, Georgia joined the United Nations, further solidifying its status as a sovereign state. The international recognition provided a much-needed boost to Georgia's legitimacy and bolstered its efforts to rebuild and stabilize the country.

Transition to Democracy

The end of the civil war in 1993 paved the way for Georgia's transition to democracy and the establishment of a new political order. In November 1995, Georgia adopted a new constitution, laying the foundation for a democratic system of government based on the principles of rule of law, separation of powers, and protection of human rights.

The post-war period saw Georgia grapple with the legacy of conflict and the challenges of reconstruction. The government implemented reforms aimed at strengthening democratic institutions, promoting economic development, and fostering reconciliation among the country's diverse ethnic and religious communities.

Legacy of Independence

Today, Georgia stands as a testament to the resilience and determination of its people in the face of adversity. The country has made significant strides in consolidating its independence, building a vibrant democracy, and fostering economic growth and development. Despite the challenges that lie ahead, Georgia remains committed to upholding the values of freedom, democracy, and national sovereignty.

Georgia's Independence Day is a time to reflect on the sacrifices and struggles that have shaped the nation's history and identity. It is a reminder of the importance of freedom, self-determination, and the enduring human desire for liberty. As Georgia continues its journey towards a brighter future, the spirit of independence remains a guiding principle, inspiring hope and resilience for generations to come.