Greece : Eleftherios Enizelos
Eleftherios Venizelos, born on August 23, 1864, in Mournies, Crete, was a prominent Greek statesman and one of the most influential political figures in modern Greek history. Renowned for his role in Greek politics during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Venizelos played a pivotal role in the country's political, social, and economic development. His leadership, particularly during World War I and the aftermath, left a lasting impact on Greece and its place in international affairs.
Early Life and Education:
Eleftherios Venizelos was born on the island of Crete, then under Ottoman rule. His early years were marked by the struggles of the Cretan people for autonomy and unification with Greece. Venizelos received his primary education in Crete before continuing his studies in law at the University of Athens.
Early Political Career:
Venizelos' political career began in Crete, where he became involved in the local movements for autonomy and union with Greece. His leadership qualities and dedication to the cause quickly gained attention. In 1897, during the Greco-Turkish War, Venizelos was appointed the political head of the Cretan Revolutionary Assembly.
After the war, the Great Powers (Britain, France, Italy, and Russia) established the autonomous Cretan State, and Venizelos became its first president. He worked towards the fulfillment of Cretan aspirations for union with Greece, known as Enosis.
Political Developments in Greece:
In 1910, Venizelos entered Greek politics and became Prime Minister for the first time. His leadership brought about significant reforms, including electoral changes, the establishment of a national bank, and measures to address social issues. However, political turmoil and opposition from conservative elements led to his resignation in 1915.
World War I and National Schism:
The outbreak of World War I presented challenges and opportunities for Greece. Venizelos, advocating for Greek involvement on the side of the Allies, returned to power in 1915. His decision to support the Allies led to a division within Greek society, known as the National Schism.
King Constantine I, representing the neutralist faction, opposed Venizelos' pro-Allied stance. Tensions escalated, and Greece experienced a period of political and social upheaval. The situation became more complex when a pro-Entente provisional government, led by Venizelos, was established in Thessaloniki, challenging the authority of the official government in Athens.
The National Schism deepened the political and social divisions in Greece, and the country became involved in internal conflicts. Venizelos' faction, known as the "National Liberals," gained support in northern Greece, while King Constantine's supporters, known as the "Royalists," maintained control in the south.
Reunification and Post-War Period:
The end of World War I brought about significant changes in Greece. King Constantine abdicated in 1917, and Venizelos returned to Athens. Greece participated in the Paris Peace Conference, where Venizelos advocated for territorial gains, including the incorporation of territories with Greek populations.
Despite his efforts, the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) did not fully meet Greek expectations. The subsequent Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) resulted in the defeat of the Greek forces and the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), which established the borders between Greece and Turkey.
The defeat in Asia Minor and the catastrophic consequences of the war led to political turmoil and the fall of Venizelos' government. He went into self-imposed exile, and Greece experienced a period of political instability.
Return to Power and Later Years:
Venizelos returned to Greek politics in 1928 and served as Prime Minister several times in the following years. His later terms focused on economic reconstruction and political stability. However, the political climate remained complex, with ongoing tensions between liberal and conservative forces.
The outbreak of World War II and the German invasion of Greece in 1941 marked another challenging period. Venizelos, by then an elderly statesman, opposed the collaborationist government established by the Axis forces. He went into exile once again, and his influence in Greek politics waned.
After the war, Eleftherios Venizelos returned to Greece, but he did not play a significant role in post-war politics. He passed away on March 18, 1936, in Paris, France.
Legacy and Impact:
Eleftherios Venizelos' legacy is deeply intertwined with the modern history of Greece. His vision for Greece as a progressive and internationally engaged nation shaped the country's trajectory during a crucial period. Venizelos' political career was marked by achievements, challenges, and the pursuit of national aspirations.
Venizelos is remembered for his contributions to the Cretan cause, his leadership during World War I, and his efforts to secure territorial gains for Greece. However, the National Schism and the consequences of the Greco-Turkish War represented complex and divisive chapters in Greek history.
Despite the challenges and controversies, Venizelos remains a symbol of modernization, reform, and the pursuit of national interests. His legacy has been subject to various interpretations, reflecting the complexities of Greek politics and the enduring impact of historical events. Eleftherios Venizelos' influence on Greek politics and his role in shaping the country's destiny make him a figure of historical significance.
