Sundarban National Park: A Natural Marvel in West Bengal, India
Sundarban National Park, located in the Indian state of West Bengal, is one of the most significant and unique ecological regions in the world. Known for its vast mangrove forests, diverse wildlife, and rich cultural heritage, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a designated Biosphere Reserve. Covering an area of approximately 1,330 square kilometers, the park is home to the famous Royal Bengal Tiger, along with numerous other species of flora and fauna. It is part of the larger Sundarbans region, which extends into Bangladesh, making it the largest tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world.
This national park is not just a wildlife sanctuary but also a crucial natural barrier against coastal erosion and cyclones, protecting the inhabitants of the region. The name "Sundarban" means "beautiful forest" in Bengali, which is derived from the "Sundari" trees (Heritiera fomes) that dominate the region.
Geography and Location
Sundarban National Park is situated in the southern part of West Bengal, about 110 kilometers from Kolkata. It forms the core of the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve, which spreads across the delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. The delta extends over 10,000 square kilometers, with around 40% of the area in India and the remaining 60% in Bangladesh.
The region consists of numerous islands, mudflats, and tidal waterways. These constantly shifting landscapes are shaped by the ebb and flow of tides, with new land emerging and disappearing over time. The interwoven network of rivers, creeks, and estuaries makes Sundarbans a water-dominated ecosystem, where accessibility is largely dependent on boats.
Sundarban’s geography makes it unique among India's national parks. Unlike conventional wildlife reserves, where visitors travel on land, Sundarban National Park is best explored by boat safaris. This landscape supports a distinct variety of life adapted to brackish water and shifting terrain.
History and Recognition
The history of the Sundarbans dates back to ancient times, with references found in mythology, literature, and colonial records. The region was once inhabited by various tribes, including the Mawali and Portuguese pirates, before gradually transforming into a protected forest area.
The British administration first took interest in conserving the region in 1875, when the Forest Act was enacted, classifying large portions of the forest as protected areas. Later, in 1973, the Sundarbans were declared a Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger, a major conservation initiative in India.
In 1984, Sundarban National Park was officially designated as a national park. Two years later, in 1987, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its ecological importance. It was also recognized as a Ramsar Wetland Site in 2019, further solidifying its status as a crucial environmental hotspot.
Climate and Weather
Sundarban National Park experiences a tropical coastal climate, characterized by high humidity, heavy rainfall, and moderate temperatures throughout the year. The region has three distinct seasons:
Summer (March to June) – Summers in Sundarbans are hot and humid, with temperatures ranging between 30°C to 42°C. The heat can be intense, but the cool breezes from the water bodies provide some relief.
Monsoon (July to October) – The region receives heavy rainfall due to the Southwest Monsoon, with annual precipitation ranging from 1,800 mm to 2,800 mm. The monsoons cause flooding in low-lying areas, making it difficult to explore the park. However, this is also the time when the forest appears most lush and vibrant.
Winter (November to February) – The best time to visit Sundarban National Park is during winter, when temperatures range between 10°C to 30°C. The weather is pleasant, and wildlife sightings are more frequent.
Due to its coastal nature, the park is frequently affected by cyclones and tropical storms, which pose a threat to both wildlife and human settlements in the region. Cyclones like Aila (2009), Amphan (2020), and Yaas (2021) have caused significant damage to the Sundarbans ecosystem.
Flora of Sundarban National Park
Sundarbans is known for its dense mangrove forests, which are among the most extensive in the world. These mangroves are uniquely adapted to survive in saline, waterlogged conditions, and they play a crucial role in preventing soil erosion and protecting coastal areas from storm surges.
The dominant tree species include:
- Sundari Trees (Heritiera fomes) – The most famous and abundant species, after which the region is named. These trees have aerial roots that help them survive in waterlogged soil.
- Goran (Ceriops decandra) – Another common mangrove species that thrives in saline waters.
- Keora (Sonneratia apetala) – Important for its honey-producing flowers, which attract bees and contribute to the famous Sundarbans honey industry.
- Dhundul (Xylocarpus granatum) – A species with thick, gnarled trunks adapted to the muddy habitat.
Other plant species include grasslands, reeds, and palms, which provide habitat and food for various animal species.
Fauna of Sundarban National Park
Sundarbans is world-famous for its population of Royal Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris tigris). This region is home to approximately 96 tigers, known for their swimming abilities and their adaptation to the mangrove environment. Unlike tigers in other parts of India, Sundarbans tigers are known to swim between islands in search of prey.
Apart from tigers, the park hosts a variety of mammals, reptiles, birds, and aquatic species, including:
Mammals:
- Fishing Cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) – Skilled hunters that prey on fish and small amphibians.
- Leopard Cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) – Elusive felines found in dense forests.
- Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) – Important prey species for tigers.
- Spotted Deer (Axis axis) – A primary food source for tigers.
- Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) – The most commonly seen primate species.
Reptiles:
- Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) – The largest reptilian predator in the region.
- Water Monitors (Varanus salvator) – Large lizards found along riverbanks.
- King Cobras (Ophiophagus hannah) – One of the most venomous snakes in the world.
Birds:
- Lesser Adjutant Storks (Leptoptilos javanicus)
- White-bellied Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster)
- Mangrove Pitta (Pitta megarhyncha)
- Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata)
Conservation Challenges
Despite its ecological significance, Sundarbans faces several challenges:
- Climate Change – Rising sea levels threaten the delicate mangrove ecosystem.
- Human-Wildlife Conflict – Tiger attacks on humans have been a longstanding issue.
- Poaching and Illegal Fishing – Unregulated activities pose a risk to biodiversity.
- Cyclones and Natural Disasters – Frequent storms lead to habitat destruction.
Efforts like Project Tiger, afforestation programs, and community involvement are helping in the park’s conservation.
Tourism and Activities
Visitors can explore Sundarbans through:
- Boat Safaris (Sajnekhali, Sudhanyakhali, Dobanki)
- Birdwatching
- Eco-tourism Resorts
Conclusion
Sundarban National Park is a treasure trove of biodiversity and a natural wonder that continues to captivate scientists, conservationists, and travelers alike. As one of India’s most remarkable ecosystems, its preservation is essential for maintaining ecological balance and protecting the iconic Royal Bengal Tiger. The park stands as a symbol of resilience, adapting to the ever-changing natural forces while continuing to inspire awe and admiration worldwide.
Photo from iStock