Keeshond Dog Breed: History, Appearance, Temperament, Health, Training, Grooming, Nutrition, and Care Considerations

Keeshond Dogs: History, Characteristics, Care, Training, Grooming, Health, Temperament, and More

The Keeshond (pronounced "KAYZ-hawnd") is a captivating and intelligent dog breed known for its plush coat, fox-like face, distinctive “spectacles” around the eyes, and deeply affectionate nature. Often referred to as “the smiling Dutchman” due to its perpetual grin, the Keeshond has a long and rich history rooted in the Netherlands, where it symbolized patriotism and loyalty. With their endearing expressions, playful attitude, and boundless loyalty, Keeshonden (plural) have won the hearts of dog lovers across the globe. 

Historical Origins of the Keeshond

Dutch Patriot Symbolism

The Keeshond's origins trace back several centuries to the Netherlands. In the 18th century, the breed gained political significance during a period of intense civil unrest between two political factions: the Orangists, who supported the ruling House of Orange, and the Patriots, who sought to curtail royal power. The Patriots, led by Cornelis (Kees) de Gyselaer, adopted the dog as their symbol, and it was widely believed that de Gyselaer owned a Keeshond. Consequently, the breed took on his name — Kees’ hond, or “Kees’s dog.”

As the political tide turned and the Orangists regained control, the breed fell into obscurity. However, it was later rediscovered and preserved by breed enthusiasts who appreciated the Keeshond not for politics, but for its charming personality and striking looks.

Ancestry and Related Breeds

The Keeshond belongs to the Spitz family of dogs, characterized by their thick double coats, pointed ears, and curled tails. The breed is closely related to the German Spitz, particularly the Wolfspitz, and shares ancestry with the Samoyed, Chow Chow, Norwegian Elkhound, and Finnish Spitz. This family of northern breeds was historically used for hunting, herding, and guarding, although the Keeshond primarily served as a watchdog and companion on Dutch barges.

Physical Characteristics and Appearance

Size and Build

The Keeshond is a medium-sized dog with a compact, sturdy build. They are neither too small to be considered fragile nor too large to be intimidating, making them well-suited to families of all sizes.

• Height: Males: 18 inches (45 cm); Females: 17 inches (43 cm)

• Weight: Generally 35 to 45 pounds (16–20 kg)

They possess a square, well-proportioned frame with a deep chest and strong limbs. Their appearance conveys agility and elegance.

Coat and Color

One of the most notable aspects of the Keeshond is its luxurious, double-layered coat. The outer coat is long, straight, and harsh to the touch, while the undercoat is soft and dense, providing insulation against harsh weather.

The breed is always gray with black-tipped hairs, giving it a wolf-like appearance. There are lighter gray or cream markings on the legs, feet, and neck, and the tail is characteristically fluffy and curled tightly over the back.

Distinctive Facial Markings

A signature feature of the Keeshond is its “spectacles”—a set of markings and shading around the eyes that resemble eyeglasses. This gives the dog an expressive and intelligent appearance.

The eyes are medium-sized, dark brown, and almond-shaped, set obliquely to create a lively, alert expression. The ears are small, pointed, and stand erect on top of the head.

Temperament and Personality

The Keeshond is a quintessential companion dog. Known for its friendly, gentle demeanor, the breed thrives on human interaction and loves being part of a family.

Friendly and Social

Keeshonden are extroverts who generally get along well with everyone—children, adults, strangers, and other pets. They are not aggressive and rarely show signs of hostility unless provoked. Their affectionate nature makes them excellent therapy dogs.

They are alert and make good watchdogs, often barking to alert their owners of unusual activity. However, they are not prone to biting or attacking, making them more suitable as alarm dogs than guard dogs.

Intelligent and Trainable

Keeshonden are very smart and quick learners. They excel in obedience training, agility, and even canine sports. However, they can also be a bit independent and willful, which may require patience during training.

Positive reinforcement, treats, and praise work best. Harsh corrections or punishment can hurt their sensitive feelings and cause them to withdraw or become anxious.

Playful and Energetic

This breed enjoys play and mental stimulation. They do not have extremely high energy needs, but regular walks and interaction are essential to prevent boredom. They love games, toys, puzzles, and being included in household activities.

Living Requirements

Home Environment

Keeshonden adapt well to various living environments. They can live happily in apartments if given daily walks and playtime. However, they particularly thrive in homes with a fenced yard where they can romp and explore.

Despite their fluffy appearance, they are house dogs and should not be kept outside or kenneled for extended periods. Being left alone for too long can lead to separation anxiety or destructive behavior.

Climate Considerations

Thanks to their thick coats, Keeshonden tolerate cold weather well. However, they are susceptible to overheating in warm climates. During hot weather, owners should provide ample shade, water, and avoid strenuous activity during peak heat.

Air conditioning and fans can be helpful in summer, and regular grooming can reduce heat retention.

Grooming and Maintenance

Shedding and Brushing

The Keeshond has a dense double coat that sheds year-round, with heavy “blowouts” (coat changes) occurring in spring and fall. During these periods, daily brushing is essential to remove loose fur and prevent matting.

Outside of shedding seasons, brushing two to three times a week suffices to keep the coat healthy and clean. Use a slicker brush or pin brush and pay special attention to the mane, tail, and hindquarters.

Bathing and Hygiene

Keeshonden have a naturally clean coat that resists dirt and odors. A full bath is only necessary every few months unless the dog becomes exceptionally dirty. Use a mild dog shampoo and ensure thorough rinsing and drying.

Other grooming needs include:

• Ear cleaning: Weekly, to prevent infections

• Teeth brushing: 2–3 times a week

• Nail trimming: Monthly or as needed

Grooming Tips

Professional grooming every few months can help maintain their coat, especially during shedding periods. Avoid shaving a Keeshond, as it removes protective layers and may damage the coat permanently.

Health and Lifespan

Average Lifespan

Keeshonden are generally a healthy breed and enjoy a lifespan of 12 to 15 years, with many living into their late teens with proper care.

Common Health Concerns

While relatively robust, the Keeshond is prone to certain hereditary conditions. Responsible breeding and regular veterinary care can mitigate many issues.

1. Hip Dysplasia: A common issue in many medium to large dogs, this condition affects the hip joints and can lead to arthritis.

2. Patellar Luxation: Dislocation of the kneecap, causing discomfort and movement issues.

3. Epilepsy: Some Keeshonden may suffer from seizures of unknown origin.

4. Hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid gland leading to lethargy, obesity, and skin issues.

5. Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): A degenerative eye disease that can lead to blindness.

6. Heart Disease: Including issues such as mitral valve disease.

Health Testing and Breeders

Reputable breeders screen for hereditary conditions before breeding. When choosing a puppy, look for breeders who provide:

• OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) hip certifications

• CERF (Canine Eye Registry Foundation) clearances

• Genetic testing for known conditions
  

Feeding and Nutrition

Keeshonden are not particularly finicky eaters but benefit from a balanced, high-quality diet tailored to their age, size, and activity level.

Puppy Nutrition

Puppies should be fed a growth-focused formula rich in protein, fats, and DHA for brain development. Feed 3-4 small meals a day and transition to adult food around 12 months.

Adult and Senior Feeding

Adult Keeshonden do well on diets that maintain muscle tone without excess calories, as the breed can be prone to obesity. Monitor weight and adjust portions accordingly.

Senior dogs may need reduced-calorie diets and supplements such as glucosamine for joint support.

Supplements

Common supplements include:

• Omega-3 fatty acids for coat health

• Probiotics for digestion

• Glucosamine and chondroitin for joints

Always consult a vet before adding supplements.

Exercise and Activity Needs

Keeshonden are moderately active and require daily exercise to stay healthy and content.

Daily Walks and Play

At least 30–60 minutes of daily activity is recommended. This can include:

• Walks

• Fetch

• Hide-and-seek games

• Agility or obedience sessions

They are not hyperactive and do not require intense physical exercise like some working breeds but do appreciate variety and companionship.

Mental Stimulation

Being intelligent and curious, Keeshonden thrive on mental stimulation. Provide puzzle toys, obedience games, scent work, or interactive toys to keep their minds sharp.

Boredom can lead to nuisance barking, digging, or chewing.

Training and Socialization

Early Socialization

Puppies should be exposed to various environments, people, and other animals from a young age to build confidence and reduce fear-based behaviors.

Enroll in puppy kindergarten and gradually introduce experiences such as car rides, grooming, and different surfaces.

Basic Obedience

Training should begin early, focusing on commands like:

• Sit

• Stay

• Come

• Leave it

• Down

• Heel

The Keeshond responds exceptionally well to reward-based training. Harsh or punitive methods are discouraged.

Advanced Training and Sports

Due to their agility, smarts, and charm, many Keeshonden excel in:

• Agility trials

• Rally obedience

• Trick training

• Therapy work

They love to please and enjoy performing tasks for praise.

Breeding and Puppy Selection

Choosing a Breeder

Select breeders who are members of the American Kennel Club (AKC), United Kennel Club (UKC), or national breed clubs like the Keeshond Club of America. Ethical breeders:

• Prioritize health and temperament

• Provide health clearances

• Offer lifetime support

• Avoid overbreeding or breeding solely for appearance

Avoid backyard breeders or puppy mills.

Choosing a Puppy

Observe the litter for:

• Clean environment

• Social, curious puppies

• Clear eyes and healthy coats

• No signs of illness

Ask to meet the parents and review health records. Good breeders may ask you questions to ensure a suitable home.

Keeshond in Popular Culture

The breed has appeared in various books and shows as a symbol of loyalty and intelligence. Though not as mainstream as Labradors or German Shepherds, the Keeshond maintains a devoted following due to its endearing nature and striking beauty.

The breed’s resurgence in the 20th century owes much to Mrs. Wingfield Digby of England, who reintroduced and promoted the breed after WWII, leading to its recognition by the AKC in 1930.

Pros and Cons of Owning a Keeshond

Pros

• Loyal, loving companion

• Great with children and other pets

• Intelligent and trainable

• Adaptable to various living environments

• Low odor and self-cleaning coat

Cons

• Heavy shedding, especially seasonally

• Prone to separation anxiety

• Needs regular grooming

• May bark excessively if bored

• Sensitive to heat
  

Conclusion

The Keeshond is a charming, intelligent, and affectionate breed that thrives in a loving household. With its historical roots, expressive face, and gentle disposition, this dog offers companionship, loyalty, and endless joy. Whether you're looking for a watchdog, playmate, or devoted friend, the Keeshond stands out as one of the most endearing breeds in the canine world.

Proper grooming, exercise, training, and affection are key to maintaining a happy, healthy Keeshond. For families, singles, seniors, or first-time dog owners seeking a joyful and communicative companion, the Keeshond is a delightful choice.

Photo from: Shutterstock

Share this

myearthisone